NON SOLO ICONE DI BRONZO: LA STORIA DELLA COMUNITÀ DEI VECCHI CREDENTI
Resta elevata l’attenzione degli studiosi di tutto il mondo sulla vicenda – storica e di fede – dei Vecchi Credenti, il gruppo scismatico dal Patriarcato di Mosca che, nel XVII secolo, a fronte delle riforme liturgiche introdotte dal patriarca Nikon, si ersero, a prezzo di durissime persecuzioni, a custodi della vera fede. Di seguito proponiamo, nell’originale in lingua inglese. uno dei più recenti studi firmati dal ricercatore Misaki Imagawa che ricostruisce, anche con un’impostazione fortemente divulgativa, le vicissitudini che portarono, tra l’altro, alla diffusione delle icone di bronzo.
di Misaki Imagawa
In the late 17th century, a group of Russian Christians called the Old Believers refused to accept new reforms made to the Orthodox Church. Though they were prosecuted and exiled as a result, the Old Believers practiced what they believed to be the original Orthodox teachings, which included the creation of metal icons in an ancient style that reaches back as far as the age of Constantinople.
The year is 1666 and it’s a cold fall day in a rural Russian village. The fields are barely harvested even though harvest time is half over. Something is clearly wrong. Although a few farmers can be seen bringing in crops as the last rays of light fade, there simply is not enough manpower. Where has everyone gone?
As night falls, many of the villagers gather at the local cemetery. Men and women alike are adorned in burial robes. Then something very curious happens. They all sit in individual wooden coffins neatly laid out in rows and begin singing hymns, and when the singing ends they patiently wait, until on cue they begin singing again.
Sometime later, a man hurries through the gates of the cemetery, and settles into a coffin next to his friend.
“You’re late, Igor” his friend Gavriil whispers.
“Someone has to harvest the crops,” Igor replies. They lean across their respective coffins and speak in hushed tones.
“The crops don’t matter,” Gavriil insists. “The Antichrist is coming. The world is ending.”
“You know,” Igor rebuts, “I don’t buy any of this. Just because we have to cross ourselves with three fingers instead of two or sing Alleluia three times doesn’t mean…”
“It’s heresy! It’s blasphemy!” says Gavril raising his voice. A chorus of shhh!from the others gathered makes Gavriil lower his voice again. “Have you looked at the old icons?” he asks rhetorically. “They’re crossing themselves with twofingers not three. These reforms are wrong. The Tsar has gone mad; he’s been poisoned. The world is coming to an end!”
“Well what if it comes to an end later?” asks Igor. “Do we neglect our fields and sit starving in these coffins? The cold will kill us first.” Igor pauses, and then asks with a snicker, “If that happens, can we at least bring the vodka to keep us warm?”.
Vodka aside, the belief that the Antichrist had arrived was widely held between 1666 and 1668 in Russia. In fact, many farmers did neglect their fields while waiting for the world to end. It was a time of great turmoil for the Russian Orthodox Church. It began when high authorities of the church noticed discrepancies between their liturgical texts and practices and those of the original Greeks. Patriarch Nikon – the leader of the Church at the time – insisted that the Russians had deviated from rightful Orthodox practice and began to implement rapid reforms and revisions to the books and rites. Although these revisions seemed inconsequential – for example, adding an additional letter in the spelling of Jesus, singing Alleluia three times instead of two, using three fingers instead of two to cross oneself, and walking around the alter in a counterclockwise as opposed to clockwise direction – they were fiercely rejected by a portion of the Russian population who came to be known as the Old Believers.
The irony is the Greek texts had undergone several revisions in recent times and were close to the original Russian version Nikon wanted to reform. Ignorant of this knowledge, Nikon, backed by the Tsar, oppressed and persecuted the Old Believers who protested and refused to change. This was a terribly violent time in Russian history. Many people were exiled, flogged, starved or burned at the stake. Some, believing the Antichrist had come, waited in cemeteries for the world to end. Others gathered in churches, set fire to the buildings and burned inside to join Christ before Judgment Day. Tens of thousands perished. Finally the Old Believers, stripped of their rights, their beliefs declared illegal, were banished.
For centuries the Old Believers persevered, living in remote and desolate regions of the country. In small communities they upheld what they believed to be the old, original Orthodox teachings, steadfastly refusing to conform to the new Church developing in Russia. One of the changes the new Church promoted took place in iconic art. Looking at art in Western Europe, the reform Russian Church recognized that their icons were highly stylized and lacking in realism. They soon began incorporating baroque and classical influences of Western Europe into their iconic art, deviating from their traditional styles. If not for the Old Believers, the iconic art of the original Russian Orthodox Church would have vanished into history. Instead, the Old Believers clung to styles that had roots as far back as Constantinople, when Christianity was first introduced into Russia.
In the 18th century, the Russian government forbade the creation of metal icons and confiscated existing ones. Many historians believe it was an effort to divert metal for military and minting processes. Inevitably, the Old Believers became the main target of this prohibition because they were the primary manufacturers and users of metal icons, which held great value and importance in their homes. The ban on metal icons lasted well into the 19th century. A tremendous amount of artwork was seized and lost during this time, ultimately making metal icons rarer and more valued in today’s art market.
The turbulent history, persecution, and oppression of the Old Believers have contributed to the value of metal icons today. The icons not only showcase a high level of unique craftsmanship, but represent a steadfast connection to early Christian customs. The configuration of the cross, for example, with three horizontal bars is considered the most ancient and authentic tradition in Christian art in the East or the West. Far from the world ending, the Old Believers kept their world – and with it, a precious piece of history – alive.
